See how the double-zero wheel shapes American roulette outcomes, bets and the choice between online and live tables.
The American Roulette Wheel: 38 Pockets, Including 0 and 00
An American roulette wheel has 38 pockets. Thirty-six carry the ordinary numbered outcomes from 1 to 36, while the remaining two are marked 0 and 00. That double-zero pocket is the feature that separates the American wheel from the European version, which has a single zero.
The numbers are arranged around the rim rather than displayed as a simple ascending sequence. Red and black pockets alternate through the numbered section, with green used for 0 and 00. The colours help identify the broad outcome groups, but they do not change the physical structure: every pocket is a separate stopping position for the ball.
The two green pockets matter because each occupies its own place on the wheel. A ball landing in 0 is not the same result as landing in 00, even though both sit outside the numbered red-and-black sequence. In practical terms, the wheel has thirty-eight possible pocket outcomes, not thirty-seven.
That is the answer to the basic question of how many pockets are on an American roulette wheel: 38 in total, including both zero symbols. I have seen the extra pocket treated as a minor visual detail in promotional descriptions. It is not. It is the defining mechanical difference in the wheel itself.
The arrangement also explains why the wheel should be considered before the betting surface. The circular track determines where the ball can finish; the table then provides areas for selecting the intended outcome. Those are connected parts of the same game, but they are not the same thing.
For identification purposes, the short version is clear:
- 36 numbered pockets, from 1 to 36
- 1 single-zero pocket
- 1 double-zero pocket
- 38 pockets altogether
The pair of green zero pockets is the detail to remember. Everything else follows from that layout.
Reading an American Roulette Table Layout
An American roulette table is the betting surface used to represent the wheel in a form that can be read at a glance. The wheel and the layout are related, but they are not the same thing: the wheel contains pockets, while the table gives each wager a defined place.
The central part of the layout presents the numbered betting area. It is arranged so that individual numbers can be selected separately, while broader sections group numbers into larger choices. The zero pockets are also shown as distinct positions rather than being folded into the ordinary numbered sequence. That separation matters when reading the table: the green zero area is not simply another red or black number.
Main areas of the layout
The number grid is where the most specific selections are made. A wager can be placed on one visible number, or across a boundary where the layout permits a combination of adjacent positions. The table therefore works as a map: the location of the chip indicates the intended selection.
Around the number grid are broader betting areas. These correspond to groups of numbers rather than one exact result. Their purpose is to let a player cover a wider part of the layout with one wager. The wording and visual treatment can vary between physical tables and digital interfaces, but the basic principle remains the same: the closer the chip is to a particular number, the narrower the selection; the farther it moves into a grouping area, the broader the selection.
On an online American roulette casino table, the same structure is usually translated into clickable zones. A digital table may display the betting surface beside the wheel or beneath the game window. Chips, markers or highlighted fields show where an active wager has been placed. The interface is not a second set of rules; it is a visual method for selecting positions on the table.
Reading chip placement
Position is decisive. A chip placed directly on a numbered field communicates a different choice from one placed on a line or in a surrounding group area. In a live game, the dealer confirms the placement when necessary. Online, the selected field normally changes colour or gains a marker, although the exact presentation depends on the game interface.
The useful habit is to read the layout before placing anything: identify the number area, locate the separate zero positions, then distinguish individual fields from grouped betting spaces. Payouts belong to the next stage of understanding. Here, the table’s job is simpler — it shows where the wager is intended to sit.
How American Roulette Bets Work and What They Pay
American roulette follows a simple sequence: the wager is placed before the spin, the wheel runs, and winning selections are settled after the ball comes to rest. Online, the same logic is represented on screen. Chips are assigned to a chosen area, the total stake is confirmed, and the betting phase closes before the result appears.
The useful distinction is between wagers on one number and wagers covering several numbers. A straight-up wager selects one pocket. Split, street, corner and line wagers cover progressively wider groups of numbers. Outside wagers cover broader characteristics such as colour, odd or even status, or a range of numbers. The wider the coverage, the lower the return is generally set; a single-number selection has less chance of landing than a broad selection and therefore carries the larger advertised payout.
That relationship is the basic key to understanding American roulette payouts. A quoted payout normally describes the profit, not the return of the original stake. If a winning wager is paid at a stated multiple, the stake is also returned as part of settlement. The precise wording on the game interface matters, particularly when comparing different wager types.
The two green pockets are the feature that changes the mathematics. The single zero and the double zero are neither red nor black, and neither belongs to odd or even. They are also outside the ordinary numbered ranges used by many broad wagers. A red wager therefore loses when either green pocket appears, just as a black wager does. The same applies to odd, even, high and low selections. This is why those apparently balanced choices do not have an equal chance of winning and losing on an American wheel.
The zeros also matter when a wager is spread across many numbers. Covering more numbered pockets can make a selection look comprehensive, but the green pockets remain additional losing outcomes unless the chosen wager specifically includes them. Nothing about a larger stake changes that structure; it only increases the amount settled when the selected result wins or loses.
For anyone learning how to play American roulette, the practical discipline is to decide the selection and stake before the betting period ends, then read the result against that selection. A wager is not improved by chasing the previous spin: each spin is a separate event, and the zero pockets remain part of every calculation. I have seen broad outside wagers described as “safer”. That means wider coverage, not protection.
Only money that can be afforded to lose should be used for gambling.
American Roulette as an Online Casino Game
American roulette is a casino game presented through digital gambling platforms as well as in physical venues. The online version keeps the same underlying wheel format, including the single zero and double zero, but replaces the physical table with an interface displayed on a computer or mobile device. The important distinction is not the screen itself; it is how the game is supplied and controlled.
An online American roulette game may be generated by software, with each spin produced within the digital game system. In that format, the interface shows the wheel, betting areas and game status while the platform records the wagers and settles the result. The display is a representation of the game rather than a physical wheel in the room.
The expression “online casino game” describes this method of access. It does not, by itself, identify a particular operator, software provider or playing format. American roulette can also be presented through a live-dealer service, where a real wheel and dealer are shown by video. That is still an online casino game because the wager is made remotely through the platform.
From the operator’s side, the legal point is straightforward. A remote business accepting customers in Great Britain must hold the relevant Gambling Commission licence. The licence concerns the operator’s authority to offer remote gambling; it does not turn American roulette into a different game.
I have always separated those two questions: what the game is, and how it reaches the account. The first concerns the roulette format. The second concerns the online delivery system, the operator’s controls and the way the result is recorded.
That distinction matters because “online” is not a quality mark. It says where the game is accessed, not whether a particular presentation, interface or operator suits the circumstances. The wheel remains American roulette; the surrounding service is what changes.
Finding Casinos Offering American Roulette
The quickest way to identify American roulette casinos is to separate two checks that are often run together: whether the game is actually available, and whether the operator is authorised to serve customers in Great Britain. A casino can mention roulette prominently without offering the American wheel, while a familiar brand name does not replace a licence check.
I start with the casino’s own game catalogue. The listing should identify American roulette specifically, rather than using “roulette” as a broad label. The distinction matters because a catalogue may contain more than one roulette product, and the title alone may not show whether the wheel has the American layout. The rules, help panel or game information should make the version clear before any account funding takes place.
Checking availability without relying on a banner
Promotional pages are useful for finding a game, but they are not the strongest evidence that it is currently playable. A game may be advertised in a general casino section, shown in a navigation menu, or referred to in an old article while being unavailable in the account area. The practical check is to open the relevant game page and confirm that it can be selected from the UK-facing site.
The wording may vary. One operator may use “American roulette”, another may place the game under a roulette category with a fuller title. What matters is that the product information identifies the American version, not simply a generic roulette image. If the description is unclear, the safer conclusion is that availability has not been established.
Search results and review pages can point towards possible online casinos with American roulette, but they should be treated as signposts. Casino libraries change, products are removed, and regional access can differ. A current operator page is more useful than a static recommendation, especially when the wording suggests a particular year or a “best” ranking. There is no reliable basis for treating a promotional shortlist as a permanent market list.
DO
- Check the UK Gambling Commission register for the operator
- Confirm the game is specifically American roulette
- Verify age and financial limit controls are available
DON’T
- Rely on a single brand name or provider for licensing info
- Assume a ‘live’ label guarantees an American wheel
- Use credit cards for gambling deposits
Confirming the Great Britain licence
The legal check belongs to the UK Gambling Commission’s public register. The Commission regulates gambling activity in the United Kingdom, including online casinos, and it is the sole regulator for commercial gambling in Great Britain. Remote gambling offered to Great Britain consumers falls within that framework even when the operator’s key equipment is located elsewhere.
The register check should match the business offering the service, not merely a game provider or a brand name displayed on the homepage. The Commission grants operating licences to businesses and personal licences to individuals working in the sector; for a casino account, the relevant question is whether the business has the appropriate operating authorisation for remote gambling.
A useful verification sequence is:
- Identify the legal business name shown in the casino’s terms, footer or licence information.
- Check that business in the UK Gambling Commission public register.
- Confirm that the register entry corresponds to the website and gambling service being used.
- Check the licence status immediately before depositing, because a badge or old review can remain visible after circumstances change.
- Keep the register result separate from the game check: authorisation confirms the operator’s regulatory position, not that American roulette is available in its current catalogue.
That last distinction is important. A licensed operator may offer roulette without offering this particular version. Conversely, a page presenting American roulette is not enough to establish that the casino may lawfully serve Great Britain customers.
Brand, provider and operator are different
Game-provider information can also cause confusion. A roulette title may be supplied by one business, hosted by another, and offered to customers under a casino brand. The provider’s name does not prove that every casino carrying its games has the same UK availability or regulatory status.
I therefore treat three labels separately:
- Operator: the business holding the customer relationship and responsibility for the gambling service.
- Provider: the business supplying the game content.
- Brand: the public-facing name used on the casino website.
The licence check concerns the operator serving the account. The availability check concerns the specific American roulette product on that operator’s site. Mixing those roles is how a game-provider reference gets mistaken for approval of a casino.
What a reliable check can and cannot show
A properly checked casino can be described as offering American roulette when the game is identifiable on its current Great Britain-facing website and the responsible operator appears with the relevant entry on the Commission’s register. That is a precise availability statement, not a claim that the casino is the best choice or that its catalogue will remain unchanged.
Terms such as “best American roulette casino” often compress several separate judgements into one label: game access, account conditions, customer support, payment arrangements and regulatory standing. Availability alone cannot settle those questions. Nor can a search result establish the odds, betting options or quality of the overall account experience; those details belong to the individual game and operator information.
The sensible order is therefore simple: locate the American roulette title, identify the responsible operator, verify that operator on the UK Gambling Commission register, then read the casino’s current game and account information. Only after those checks does a comparison have a sound starting point. Shortlist first, verify second.
What Makes an American Roulette Casino a Good Fit?
A suitable casino for American roulette is not automatically the one carrying the word “best”. In practice, that label often means little more than prominent placement, a large games menu or a promotional headline. The useful assessment starts with whether the operator is authorised for the market and whether the account is built around clear controls.
- Confirm the operator on the UK Gambling Commission register
- Ensure age verification is completed before depositing
- Locate and test financial limit controls
- Verify access to self-exclusion tools
- Check the roulette rules for 0 and 00 pockets
For remote gambling offered to people in Great Britain, the operator must hold the relevant licence from the UK Gambling Commission. That is the first check, not a decorative badge at the foot of a page. The licence number should be checked against the Commission’s public register before an account is funded. The register is the reference point; a logo, a review, or a claim in an advert is not a substitute.
I have seen players treat the presence of an American roulette title as proof that the casino is suitable. It proves only that the game is displayed. It says nothing about the operator’s authorisation, account controls, complaint route or payment arrangements.
Licence first, game second
A sensible review separates the game from the business offering it. The roulette screen may look familiar across different casinos, but the surrounding account terms can differ in clarity and usefulness. The relevant questions are straightforward:
- Is the operator listed on the UK Gambling Commission’s public register?
- Does the licence correspond to the casino’s legal operator and stated website?
- Are the terms available before registration and written clearly enough to understand?
- Is there an internal complaints process?
- Is access to an approved Alternative Dispute Resolution service explained?
UK Gambling Commission licensees must provide an internal complaints process and access to an approved ADR service. This matters when a payment, account decision or game-related issue cannot be settled through ordinary customer support. A casino that makes those routes difficult to locate is not demonstrating good account management, even if its roulette section is extensive.
The licence also places the operator within the British regulatory framework. It does not turn roulette into a low-risk activity, and it does not make a losing wager recoverable. It establishes who supervises the remote gambling service.
Account controls are part of the fit
The practical test is what happens before and after a deposit. Remote operators must prompt new customers to set a financial limit before the first deposit and provide accessible account-level limit controls. Those controls should be easy to find without having to negotiate with support or search through unrelated pages.
A good fit therefore includes an account structure that makes limits visible and usable. The same applies to self-exclusion. UK Gambling Commission-licensed casinos must provide responsible-gambling tools, including self-exclusion. These are not optional extras for a responsible operator; they are part of the account environment.
Age verification is another basic safeguard. Operators must verify a customer’s age before allowing funds to be deposited into a gambling account. Registration may begin online, but access to depositing depends on that check being completed.
I regard these controls as more informative than a bonus banner. A promotion describes what the casino wants to sell. A limit page shows how the account behaves when gambling needs to be constrained.
Payment arrangements deserve a close look
A casino can appear polished while offering payment instructions that do not suit a British account. Remote operators cannot accept credit-card payments for gambling, including credit-card funding routed through a money service business. Wallet payments are also prohibited where the wallet permits credit-card funds to be used for gambling. UK-licensed casinos therefore cannot accept credit cards for gambling.
This is relevant when checking the cashier before choosing a table. The important point is not how many payment logos appear, but whether the method is permitted and whether the account terms explain restrictions plainly. A method that depends on borrowed credit is not a safer alternative merely because it is processed through a wallet.
The financial-limit prompt should also be considered alongside deposits and withdrawals. A casino that presents the limit as an interruption to bypass, rather than as a normal account setting, gives the wrong signal. Small detail. Important distinction.
What the roulette offer should clarify
The game page itself should make the format understandable without relying on promotional language. American roulette has a different wheel structure from European roulette because it includes both 0 and 00. That distinction affects the game’s mathematical profile, so the name should not be treated as interchangeable with other roulette formats.
The betting terminology should also be clear. Inside bets refer to wagers placed on individual numbers or small number combinations on the layout, while outside bets cover broader groupings. The precise options and displayed returns should be visible in the game rules or information panel. No casino description can make an unfavourable house edge disappear.
This is where the phrase “best American roulette casino” tends to become unhelpful. The better question is whether the operator clearly identifies the version being offered, publishes the rules, and places the game within a properly authorised account. A glossy interface is secondary.
A practical assessment
I would record the following before treating a casino as a serious option:
- Confirm the operator and domain on the UK Gambling Commission register.
- Check that age verification occurs before deposits are enabled.
- Locate the financial-limit controls before adding funds.
- Confirm that self-exclusion and other responsible-gambling tools are accessible.
- Review the complaints and ADR information.
- Check the roulette rules, including the presence of both zero pockets.
- Review payment restrictions, particularly the ban on credit-card gambling.
This process does not identify a universal winner. It identifies whether a particular American roulette casino is a workable fit for the account holder and the game being offered. Gambling should always be limited to money that can be afforded to lose.
Live American Roulette: Dealer Format and Game Selection
Live American roulette combines a streamed studio table with online wagering. A dealer operates the wheel and announces the result, while the digital interface displays the active round and the available betting areas. The essential difference from a computer-generated game is the presentation: the wheel, ball and dealer form the visible centre of the session.
From the operator’s side, the format depends on a live-casino studio rather than a purely digital game engine. Cameras transmit the table, and software connects the broadcast with account wagers. That does not turn the game into a private table or remove the normal casino rules. It gives the round a physical dealing process and a hosted pace.
I have found that the word “live” is often treated as a quality claim. In practice, it mainly describes how the result is produced and shown. It says that a dealer is running the table; it does not, by itself, establish the operator, game provider, limits, payment arrangements or regulatory status. Those are separate checks.
Where American roulette fits
A live casino is normally presented as a group of table games rather than a roulette-only area. American roulette may sit alongside other roulette tables, blackjack, baccarat and poker-style games, depending on the selection made available by the operator and its suppliers. The presence of one live table therefore says little about the breadth of the wider lobby.
The broader category also includes named products and studio formats. Evolution is a recognised game provider in this market, while products such as Infinite Blackjack and Lightning Roulette illustrate how providers can build distinct live-table experiences around familiar casino formats. Their names should not be read as evidence that every operator carries them.
Grosvenor provides a historical example of how this segment developed in Britain. The operator unveiled its live casino offering in 2013, with a range of card and casino games that included Blackjack, Texas Hold’em and Roulette. That launch is useful context, but it is not a statement about the complete live-casino selection available today.
What the dealer format changes
The dealer-led structure adds a visible sequence to the round: the table is active, wagers are accepted during the opening phase, and the dealer closes that phase before operating the wheel. The interface then records the outcome and prepares the next round. Exact presentation, timing and table availability depend on the particular game.
For American roulette, the live format does not change the identity of the wheel. It changes how the game is hosted and observed. A live American roulette casino is therefore best understood as an online access point to a dealer-run table, within a broader live-casino catalogue. The label describes the format, not a recommendation.
Playing American Roulette for Real Money: Limits and Safeguards
Real-money American roulette sits within the account rules for remote gambling, but it is not treated like an online slot for stake-limit purposes. A specialist gambling review notes that the Great Britain slot caps do not extend to roulette or blackjack. The same type of source describes the slot framework as £5 per game cycle for customers aged 25 or over and £2 for those aged 18 to 24. Those figures concern slots, not a roulette wager.
That distinction does not remove the account checks. Before a deposit is accepted, the operator must establish that the customer is at least 18. A new account must also be prompted to set a financial limit before its first deposit, with account controls available for changing limits later. These controls are part of the operating framework, not an optional feature added for marketing.
Payment method matters as well. UK-licensed casinos cannot take credit-card payments for gambling, including credit-card funding routed through a money-service business. A digital wallet cannot be used for this purpose where it permits credit-card funds to reach gambling activity. In practice, the payment route is checked alongside the account rather than treated as a separate workaround.
Safer-gambling tools remain relevant while playing roulette for real money. Licensed casinos must provide responsible-gambling facilities, including self-exclusion, and operators must maintain an internal complaints process with access to an approved Alternative Dispute Resolution service. Before depositing, the licence number should be checked on the UK Gambling Commission’s public register.
I keep the practical rule simple: only gamble money that can be afforded to lose. A roulette account can be technically available while still being unsuitable for the household budget.
Choosing a Live Table: Roulette, Blackjack and Baccarat
A live casino is not one game with different graphics. It is a group of table formats in which a dealer, studio feed and betting interface work together. Roulette, blackjack and baccarat may appear beside one another, but the decisions, pace and information available at each table are different.
For someone comparing an American roulette casino online with other live options, the first distinction is the source of the outcome. In roulette, the dealer spins the wheel and releases the ball. The result is the pocket where the ball settles. The betting decision is made before that event, and once wagering closes there is no further choice to influence the round.
Blackjack works differently. The dealer deals cards, and the player’s decisions occur during the hand. Taking another card, standing, or using another permitted action changes the route through the round. The dealer still follows the table’s rules, but the player is not simply waiting for a wheel result. This makes blackjack more decision-led than roulette.
Baccarat is closer to roulette in one important respect: the player normally selects an outcome rather than managing a hand through several decisions. The available sides are commonly presented as player, banker and tie. Cards are then dealt according to the game’s rules. The name of the chosen side does not turn baccarat into blackjack, and the interface should not be treated as interchangeable with an online American roulette casino.
What changes between the tables?
| Table game | Main event | Player involvement |
|---|---|---|
| Roulette | A wheel and ball determine the winning pocket | Wagers are selected before the spin |
| Blackjack | Cards are dealt against a dealer hand | Decisions are made during the hand |
| Baccarat | Cards determine the selected side or outcome | The choice is made before the deal |
The table atmosphere can also alter the practical experience. Roulette provides a visible wheel and a clearly timed betting window. Blackjack requires attention to the cards already dealt and to the dealer’s hand. Baccarat tends to keep the player’s direct choices narrower, so the focus remains on selecting an outcome and following the deal.
I have seen “live casino” used as though it described one uniform product. It does not. A live American roulette table may suit someone who wants a single decision before each spin; blackjack suits a player who wants choices after the deal; baccarat suits a simpler card-based selection. None is automatically a better substitute for another.
Grosvenor’s history illustrates how this category developed in Britain. The operator introduced live casino games in 2013, with a selection that included Blackjack, Texas Hold’em and Roulette. That historical example shows the breadth of a live offering, but it does not establish that every casino has the same tables or game formats today.
How to compare a live table
The useful checks are operational rather than promotional:
- whether the game is a live dealer table or a computer-generated version;
- whether the table rules are displayed before wagering;
- whether the betting window and round sequence are clear;
- whether the interface distinguishes roulette, blackjack and baccarat rather than presenting them as variants of one product;
- whether account controls and the operator’s UK licensing information are available.
A live dealer does not remove the ordinary gambling risk. The presence of a studio, presenter or physical equipment may make the round feel more immediate, but it does not improve the underlying chance of a result. I keep that distinction sharp: presentation affects the experience, not the mathematics.
For a British player selecting among live tables, American roulette remains a wheel game with its own structure. Blackjack is a card game built around decisions against the dealer. Baccarat is another card game with a different decision model. Comparing them by appearance alone misses the part that matters. Only gamble what can be afforded to lose.
Live Roulette Variants and the Details Behind the Name
“Live roulette” describes the dealer format, not one fixed ruleset. The wheel, betting procedure and available markets can vary between tables, so the word *live* should not be treated as a guarantee that every table follows the same version of roulette. In practice, the name identifies a streamed or broadcast table with a human dealer, while the variant name supplies the rest of the description.
The standard wheel remains the reference point
American roulette is defined by its double-zero wheel: the pockets include both 0 and 00 alongside the numbered spaces. That is the detail to establish before comparing variants. A table may look different on screen, use a different presentation style or add a feature layer, but the wheel designation still matters.
A search for an online casino with American roulette therefore needs more than the word “roulette” in a lobby. The table title, rules panel or game information should identify whether the wheel is American or European. The distinction is mechanical, not cosmetic. A single-zero wheel is not the same game as a double-zero wheel.
The same check applies when a casino labels a table “American roulette live”. The useful question is whether the displayed wheel actually shows 0 and 00, rather than assuming that the regional label settles everything. Names can be broad; the wheel is specific.
Where variants change the presentation
Some live products add a named feature to the familiar roulette format. Lightning Roulette is one example of a branded variant that may appear in a live-casino catalogue. Its name signals that the table is not merely a plain description of a dealer-hosted roulette wheel. It should be treated as a separate product presentation, with its own rules and feature explanation.
That does not make Lightning Roulette a universal replacement for American roulette. Nor does its appearance in a provider’s portfolio prove that every UK-facing casino carries it. Availability depends on the operator’s current catalogue and the products it has chosen to distribute. A title is an example of what may exist, not a promise attached to every American roulette casino.
The practical reading method is simple:
- Identify the wheel type: single zero or double zero.
- Check whether the table is standard roulette or a named variant.
- Read the variant’s rules before treating its label as meaningful.
- Confirm that the particular casino actually offers that table.
“Enhanced” is often the marketing word. The important part is the rulebook.
Names do not settle the game
A live roulette title can combine several signals: the dealer format, the wheel type and a branded feature. Those signals answer different questions. “Live” concerns presentation; “American” concerns the wheel; a name such as Lightning Roulette identifies an additional product concept.
Keeping those categories separate prevents a common mistake: seeing a live dealer and assuming the table has the American double-zero wheel, or seeing an American roulette wheel and assuming that every live feature is included. The title starts the identification process. The displayed wheel and rules finish it.
In Great Britain, the wider online gambling framework is administered by the UK Gambling Commission, and remote operators serving the market require the relevant operating licence. Before funds are deposited, the licence number should be checked on the Commission’s public register. Any variant remains gambling, so play should be limited to money that can be afforded to lose.
Are online casino games licensed and regulated?
Yes. The UK Gambling Commission regulates online gambling offered to consumers in Great Britain, and remote operators serving them must hold the relevant licence.
What are the online slot stake limits in Great Britain?
The limit is £5 per game cycle for adults aged 25 and over, and £2 for adults aged 18 to 24. These limits do not apply to roulette or blackjack.
Is LuckyPays licensed by the UK Gambling Commission?
The Commission’s public register dated 26 September 2026 does not show a LuckyPays entry under that brand or its stated domain, luckypays.io.
How do I check if an online casino is licensed in the UK?
Check the UK Gambling Commission’s public register for the operator’s name or stated domain. Remote operators serving consumers in Great Britain must hold the relevant licence.
Casino Games: Slots, Table Games and Live Play
Prepared by the Casinoexitgamstop.com editorial staff.







